Biography of Marco Polo, Famous Explorer

Marco Polo was an inmate in the Genoese prison at the Palazzo di San Giorgio from 1296 to 1299, arrested for commanding a Venetian galley in a war against Genoa. While there, he told tales of his travels through Asia to his fellow prisoners and the guards alike, and his cellmate Rustichello da Pisa wrote them down. Once the two were released from prison, copies of the manuscript, titled The Travels of Marco Polo, captivated Europe. Polo told tales of fabulous Asian courts, black stones that would catch on fire (coal), and Chinese money made out of paper. Ever since people have debated the question: Did Marco Polo really go to China, and see all of the things he claims to have seen? Early Life Marco Polo was probably born in Venice, although there is no proof of his place of birth, around 1254 CE. His father Niccolo and uncle Maffeo were Venetian merchants who traded on the Silk Road; little Marcos father left for Asia before the child was born, and would return when the boy was a teenager. He may not have even realized that his wife was pregnant when he left. Thanks to enterprising merchants such as the Polo brothers, Venice flourished at this time as the major trading hub for imports from the fabulous oasis cities of Central Asia, India, and far-off, wondrous Cathay (China). With the exception of India, the whole expanse of Silk Road Asia was under the control of the Mongol Empire at this time. Genghis Khan had died, but his grandson Kublai Khan was Great Khan of the Mongols as well as the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China. Pope Alexander IV announced to Christian Europe in a 1260 papal bull that they faced wars of universal destruction wherewith the scourge of Heavens wrath in the hands of the inhuman Tartars [Europes name for the Mongols], erupting as it were from the secret confines of Hell, oppresses and crushes the earth. For men such as the Polos, however, the now stable and peaceful Mongol Empire was a source of wealth, rather than of hell-fire. Young Marco Goes to Asia When the elder Polos returned to Venice in 1269, they found that Niccolos wife had died and left behind a 15-year-old son named Marco. The boy must have been surprised to learn that he was not an orphan, as well. Two years later, the teenager, his father, and his uncle would embark eastward on another great journey. The Polos made their way to Acre, now in Israel, and then rode camels north to Hormuz, Persia. On their first visit to Kublai Khans court, the Khan had asked the Polo brothers to bring him oil from the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, which Armenian Orthodox priests sold in that city, so the Polos went to the Holy City to buy the consecrated oil. Marcos travel account mentions various other interesting peoples along the way, including Kurds and Marsh Arabs in Iraq. Young Marco was put off by the Armenians, considering their Orthodox Christianity a heresy, puzzled by Nestorian Christianity, and even more alarmed by the Muslim Turks (or Saracens). He admired the beautiful Turkish carpets with the instincts of a merchant, however. The naive young traveler would have to learn to be open-minded about new peoples and their beliefs. On to China The Polos crossed into Persia, through Savah and the carpet-weaving center of Kerman. They had planned to sail to China via India but found that the ships available in Persia were too rickety to be trusted. Instead, they would join a trade caravan of two-humped Bactrian camels. Before they departed from Persia, however, the Polos passed by the Eagles Nest, scene of Hulagu Khans 1256 siege against the Assassins or Hashshashin. Marco Polos account, taken from local tales, may have vastly exaggerated the fanaticism of the Assassins. Nevertheless, he was very happy to descend the mountains and take the road toward Balkh, in northern Afghanistan, famed as the ancient home of Zoroaster or Zarathustra. One of the oldest cities on earth, Balkh did not live up to Marcos expectations, primarily because Genghis Khans army had done its best to erase the intransigent city from the face of the Earth. Nonetheless, Marco Polo came to admire Mongol culture, and to develop his own obsession with Central Asian horses (all of them descended from Alexander the Greats mount Bucephalus, as Marco tells it) and with falconry - two mainstays of Mongol life. He also began to pick up the Mongol language, which his father and uncle already could speak well. In order to get to the Mongolian heartlands and Kublai Khans court, however, the Polos had to cross the high Pamir Mountains. Marco encountered Buddhist monks with their saffron robes and shaved heads, which he found fascinating. Next, the Venetians traveled toward the great Silk Road oases of Kashgar and Khotan, entering the fearsome Taklamakan Desert of western China. For forty days, the Polos trudged across the burning landscape whose very name means you go in, but you dont come out. Finally, after three and a half years of hard travel and adventure, the Polos made it to the Mongol court in China. In Kublai Khans Court When he met Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, Marco Polo was just 20 years old. By this time he had become an enthusiastic admirer of the Mongol people, quite at odds with the opinion in most of the 13th century Europe. His Travels notes that They are those people who most in the world bear work and great hardship and are content with little food, and who are for this reason suited best to conquer cities, lands, and kingdoms. The Polos arrived in Kublai Khans summer capital, called Shangdu or Xanadu. Marco was overcome by the beauty of the place: The halls and rooms... are all gilded and wonderfully painted within with pictures and images of beasts and birds and trees and flowers... It is fortified like a castle in which are fountains and rivers of running water and very beautiful lawns and groves. All three of the Polo men went to Kublai Khans court and performed a kowtow, after which the Khan welcomed his old Venetian acquaintances. Niccolo Polo presented the Khan with the oil from Jerusalem. He also offered his son Marco to the Mongol lord as a servant. In the Khans Service Little did the Polos know that they would be forced to remain in Yuan China for seventeen years. They could not leave without Kublai Khans permission, and he enjoyed conversing with his pet Venetians. Marco, in particular, became a favorite of the Khans  and incurred a lot of jealousy from the Mongol courtiers. Kublai Khan was extremely curious about Catholicism, and the Polos believed at times that he might convert. The Khans mother had been a Nestorian Christian, so it was not so great a leap as it might have appeared. However, conversion to a western faith might have alienated many of the emperors subjects, so he toyed with the idea but never committed to it. Marco Polos descriptions of the wealth and splendor of the Yuan court, and of the size and organization of Chinese cities, struck his European audience as impossible to believe. For example, he loved the southern Chinese city of Hangzhou, which at that time had a population of about 1.5 million people. That is about 15 times the contemporary population of Venice, then one of Europes largest cities and European readers simply refused to give credence to this fact. Return by Sea By the time Kublai Khan reached the age of 75 in 1291, the Polos probably had just about given up hope that he would ever allow them to return home to Europe. He also seemed determined to live forever. Marco, his father, and his uncle finally got permission to leave the Great Khans court that year, so that they could serve as escorts of a 17-year-old Mongol princess who was being sent to Persia as a bride. The Polos took the sea route back, first boarding a ship to Sumatra, now in Indonesia, where they were marooned by changing monsoons for 5 months. Once the winds shifted, they went on to Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and then to India, where Marco was fascinated by Hindu cow-worship and mystical yogis, along with Jainism and its prohibition on harming even a single insect. From there, they voyaged on to the Arabian Peninsula, arriving back at Hormuz, where they delivered the princess to her waiting bridegroom. It took two years for them to make the trip from China back to Venice; thus, Marco Polo likely was just about to turn 40 when he returned to his home city. Life in Italy As imperial emissaries and savvy traders, the Polos returned to Venice in 1295 laden with exquisite goods. However, Venice was embroiled in a feud with Genoa over control of the very trade routes that had enriched the Polos. Thus it was that Marco found himself in command of a Venetian war galley, and then a prisoner of the Genoese. After his release from prison in 1299, Marco Polo returned to Venice and continued his work as a merchant. He never went traveling again, however, hiring others to make expeditions instead of taking on that task himself. Marco Polo also married the daughter of another successful trading family and had three daughters. In January of 1324, Marco Polo died at the age of about 69. In his will, he freed a Tartar slave who had served him since his return from China. Although the man had died, his story lived on, inspiring the imaginations and adventures of other Europeans. Christopher Columbus, for example, had a copy of Marco Polos Travels, which he notated heavily in the margins. Whether or not they believed his stories, the people of Europe certainly loved to hear about the fabulous Kublai Khan and his wondrous courts at Xanadu and Dadu (Beijing). Sources Bergreen, Laurence. Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu, New York: Random House Digital, 2007. â€Å"Marco Polo.† Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 15 Jan. 2019, www.biography.com/people/marco-polo-9443861. Polo, Marco. The Travels of Marco Polo, trans. William Marsden, Charleston, SC: Forgotten Books, 2010. Wood, Frances. Did Marco Polo Go to China?, Boulder, CO: Westview Books, 1998.

William Golding s Lord Of The Flies - 1552 Words

â€Å"Civilization is like a thin layer of ice upon a deep ocean of chaos and darkness† (Werner Herzog). In places such as the Middle East, many places are in chaos. With much of the time spent fighting against others, for what cause or what price, seems irrelevant. However, many times during the fighting, when everything is scarce, the true natures of people come out. If there is a shortage in food, or medical supplies, people are not afraid to turn on once neighbors to steal if need be. Once â€Å"the law† stops caring, there is nothing stopping people from doing whatever they like. In the Middle East, in the places where war is going on, many people don’t really notice the beasts around themselves. In Lord of the Flies, Golding shows an island†¦show more content†¦A small boy requested the conch, and while being laughed at â€Å"He says the beastie came in the dark.† â€Å"Then he couldn’t see it!† followed by laughter and cheers (36). Here the group is laughing at the very fact of there being a beast on the island, and just dismiss it. Golding uses two distinct moods contrasting each other, with the little ones in a scared and worried state, while the big ones laugh and cheer and have fun. To a degree, there is dramatic irony present here when the big ones claim that there is no beast and laugh it off, the audience knows that there is in fact a type of â€Å"beast† on the island. After spending more time on the island, the big ones mood changes away from the laughter and joy that was previously there. While Ralph and Jack are discussing about how the young ones are scared of the island Simon says â€Å"As if, the beastie, the beastie or the snake-thing, was real. Remember? The two older boys flinched when they heard the shameful syllable† (52). Only now is everyone starting to recognize that there is in fact a beast on the island. The boys were originally going to hunt and kill all the snakes on the island, but it transformed from being something that they hunted to being scared or shamed by them. Now the beast is no longer a laughing matter, but a slightly more pressed issue with many smaller kids being scared of it, and bringing shame in the form of the snakes of the island. Many from the group begin to realizeShow MoreRelatedWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1263 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Lord of the Flies William Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, symbolically, how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies752 Words   |  4 Pagespossible, so a five year old who teases others to Adolf Hitler would be classified as perpetrators of evil. Lord of the Flies is a fictional story about a group of British boys who get stranded on island. The author of the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding, showcases Zimbardo’s ideas in his story. Zimbardo did not form his theory Through the character development of Jack and Roger, Golding illustrates the intensity of evil when one is impacted by situational forces. Before Ralph and Piggy unifiesRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1869 Words   |  8 PagesEssay Outline – Unit 11 Introductory paragraph: Topic Sentence (includes the book title and author) The novel Lord of the flies by William Golding is a type of literature that revolves around an anti-war theme. Main Points that will be discussed in the essay presented in order of weakest to strongest: 1. Lord of the flies was written during WWII and one of the manifestations is the dead man in the parachute presumably a victim of a bombed plane. 2. Faction among the group which is similar toRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1282 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, this can be seen how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of the novel can be seen as the motherRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 PagesA response to Lord Of The Flies Imagine an airplane crash. The heat of flames scorch passengers’ backs in addition to the wind burning their faces. Lucky, this crash was over water and near an island so most passengers survive, with an exception of the airplane staff and the pilot. Even though alive, many are in fits of fear and panic, and others are in shock. After hurried deliberation, a lone member of the group is elected leader in hopes that they will calm the panic, and make the hard, but necessaryRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1315 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies was set somewhere on the timeline of World War Two, a war between the Axis and the Allies lasting from 1939 until 1945. Although WWII was fought between many countries in the Pacific and Europe, the main contender was Germany, led by Adolf Hitler. Hitler and his followers, the Nazis, changed the lives of everyone when they attempted to strengthen Germany and brought out all the evil and ugli ness in the world. After WWII, nothing would be able to change theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies886 Words   |  4 Pageshow to live their lives not knowing what s right or wrong. Everyone has a different opinion towards different things. Some say gun laws should be banned while some say they want a gun in their house. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding there are clear aspects of leadership shown within the characterization between Jack and Ralph. I m chief, said Ralph, because you chose me. And we were going to keep the fire going. Now you run after food- (Golding 150). There is evident conflict between theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1672 Words   |  7 Pages The Different Social Cognition of the Similar Stories — Synthesis essay of Lord of the Flies Final Project With the development of British culture, the format of Desert Island Literature has an inevitable connection with the geographical and culture heritage of the development of British history. 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Off-the-Job Behavior Free Essays

Textbook Case Study Off-the-Job Behavior 1. Do you believe Oiler’s employee rights were violated? Explain your position. Peter Oiler’s termination from his job by the Winn-Dixie Corporation was an obvious violation of his employee rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Off-the-Job Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though balancing employee rights with proper discipline is a constant challenge for HR professionals. But in this case of Oiler, the work place behavior of the employer had not changed and there is no problem, with the co-employers also. Also in the own time, the company have no rights about the way he dress. Hence there is also no such challenge for the Winn-Dixie that it has to terminate Oiler. Hence I would consider that Winn-Dixie has violated the employee rights of Oiler. Also his social security has been compromised. When we consider the situation here is more normal than a similar case in 2005, which happened in Georgia. According to that, the courts consider this as sexual discrimination under 42 U. S. C. Sec. 1983 and Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. And the development of trans-gender transitions has a real concern and the laws accept the claims of discrimination under employer’s categorizing of genders. Thus Oiler’s claim is acceptable and Winn-Dixie has to oblige to the claims of Oiler. Here Oiler’s can be taken as an example of opposition of trans-genders in the general public. Though the laws are guarding them, the manipulation of thought caused by these cases is more than the actual violation. Since the court ruled out as not a violation, it will be a wrong guideline as the decision can be referenced in consecutive references. . What do you see as the consequences of organizations that punish employees for certain off-the-job behaviors? Explain. In the case of punishment of the employees, the people have united against this unrightfully action. Also it had created an uneasy environment among the workers. Most organizations which do the punishment of workers for off-job behaviors as they feel as their ri ght, run the risk of being faced with numerous lawsuits and allegations of partiality and discriminatory practices. Hence these organizations end up with a bad reputation and a question mark for credibility. Which in turn costs, they also face losing customers, business partners and stockholders. There will be a greater number of individuals who do not agree with these abrupt decisions than who support it. Hence they will decide to cut their ties with organizations who favor such practices. It would be safe to assume that many businesses that were previously a part of the Winn-Dixie organizations like financial institutions, suppliers etc. ade the decision to no longer be associated with a company that would practice such unethical and immoral standards of business. This will in turn destroy the past achievement and the support it had earned and also future trades with other organization is also threatened. Hence it completely obliterates the potential success of any business or organization. Any business organization must have rules and regulations which must be followed to and by all employees. Additionally, businesses must have particular methods in place to discipline individuals who do not follow the rules. 3. Would you consider Winn-Dixie an organization that exhibits characteristics of progressive discipline or the hot stove approach? Defend your position. According to me, Winn-Dixie is an organization which exhibits hot stove characteristics. This can be made on seeing the action taken by Winn-Dixie. Oiler has a clean organizational behavior and has a perfect work record. His career track record is also proper and he is considered as an asset by all the workers. When we consider about the harshness of the Disciplinary action, terminating the employee is considered as a most severe disciplinary action. And the Winn-Dixie had done this, hence it is a Hot stove characteristic. The hot-stove approach punishes all unacceptable behaviors with identical disciplinary actions whereas the progressive approach, warns individuals depending on the harshness and/or the reoccurrence of actions and behaviors which they have previously been warned against. The severe disciplinary action can be taken for an offense is so serious that immediate dismissal is appropriate such as theft, sexual harassment, violence, plagiarism etc. And since the person involved has not done anything, hence he should not be taken severe discipline. Also before taking a decision of terminating the employee, the company neither talked to Oiler for an explanation nor it has given Oiler a verbal warning so that he can be more careful in future. Thus it had taken the action immediately and without giving time to Oiler for confirming his position or giving any explanation. Hence Winn-Dixie is following hot stove procedure in disciplinary actions. How to cite Off-the-Job Behavior, Papers

Memories of a revolution. (revival of art and culture in Ukraine) Essay Example For Students

Memories of a revolution. (revival of art and culture in Ukraine) Essay Pity the nation that has lost its voice. Ukraine gained political independence in 1991 upon the collapse of the U.S.S.R. but inherited a shattered culture due to centuries of autocratic rule and political repression. Fortunately, cultural heritage can be reclaimed, at least in part, through memory and one of the people helping Ukraine rediscover its voice is Virlana Tkacz, artistic director of the Yara Arts Group at La Mama ETC in New York. Tkacza U.S.-born scholar and translator as well as a director has devoted her career to restoring the theatrical legacy of one of the Ukraines prominent theatre figures, Les Kurbas. Kurbas was a theatre director who in 1922 created the Berezil, one of the most innovative and revolutionary theatres in Europe at that time, only to be crushed by the Stalinist Terror of the 1930s. After touring Ukraine in 1990 with her production of A Light from the Far East, a collage of text and images from Kurbass diaries, Tkacz joined forces with Ukranian director Anatoly Starodub and La Mama director Ellen Stewart to create an international theatre festival celebrating Kurbass theatre work. And so in short order, in the eastern Ukranian city of Kharkiv, the Berezil International Theatre Festival was born. Tkacz traveled with her Yara Arts Group to the inaugural festival last spring to take part in what amounted to the restoration after some five decades of suppression of modernism and experimentation to a rich, historically potent theatre tradition. Tkaczs trek eastward mirrored her mentors voyage decades earlier. Kurbas was born in 1887 in western Ukraine, part of the relatively liberal Austro-Hungarian Empire, where artists had some access to European ideas and trends. Kurbas was fascinated with the new theatre he saw as a student at the University of Vienna and on his travels through Western Europe. He returned in 1916 to Kiev determined to Europeanize the Ukranian theatre. Until the Revolution, Kiev and most of eastern Ukraine had been ruled by czarist government, which crippled theatre there by strict censorship and severe restrictions, allowing only ethnographic dramas and operettas. In 1876, Czar Alexander II banned all performances in Ukranian which led to such absurdities as Ukranian folksongs sung in French. Plays which dealt with historical events or social problems were prohibited, as were Ukranian translations of foreign plays. WHEN THE CZAR was overthrown in 1917, all legal restrictions on Ukranian theatre were lifted. Kurbas staged European classics and presented new plays in Ukranian. But his work in Kiev was soon cut short by the chaos of civil war. Theatrical life in the city was destroyed, and Kurbas fled to the provinces. By 1922, however, the civil war had ended and a great modernist renaissance of Ukranian cultural life was beginning. Kurbas returned to Kiev with a new dream to create a revolutionary theatre. In the month of March (Berezil in Ukranian) he announced the formation of the Berezil Artistic Association. Because conditions were still unsettled in Kiev, the capital and the theatre along with it was moved to Kharkiv, where Kurbas and his company flourished, inspired by the eras revolutionary fervor. But the years of ethnographic stranglehold had taken their toll. By always playing in the same restricted repertoire, eastern Ukranian actors had developed a peculiar style of acting based on the preservation of established theatrical techniques. Kurbas felt this perfection of mastered forms brought Ukranian actors closer to the theatres of China or Japan rather than those of Europe. So he set out to develop his own system of stage movement. Actors had to learn to construct an image. Kurbas urged his actors to discover and use what he called transformed gestures a concrete stage image that would transmit all the psychological contradictions of character. The work was based on disruptions, contrasts and juxtapositions. Atonal, expressionistic music scores, cubist costumes and sets, and innovative montages of film and stage action were integrated into his drama. Each production created a sensation, and he soon became one of the foremost directors in the Soviet Union. Competitors like V sevelod Meyerhold in Moscow clamored to stage his work. .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 , .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 .postImageUrl , .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 , .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692:hover , .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692:visited , .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692:active { border:0!important; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692:active , .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692 .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u848f377956cd3b1389c5619d3fba5692:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Culture of Britishness EssayTragically, his success was not to last. Kurbas was arrested in 1934 and exiled to the camps in the far north of Russia. Although for a time legend had it that he was drowned in the White Sea, researchers discovered two years ago that he was actually executed in Petrozavosk in 1937 on the grounds of formalism and modernism in art. His remains were never found. With Kurbass death and the suppression of the Berezil Theatre, modernism in Ukranian theatre was destroyed. Stalin assigned each people a role in the arts, explains Starodub, director of the Les Kurbas Centre in Kharkiv. Ukranians were to sing and dance in their pretty costumes. The proponents of socialist Realism embraced the old ethnographic traditions in the Ukraine, and it was back to happy peasants cavorting on stage. Its not possible to reanimate the Berezil theatre, Starodub admits. But we can continue in its spirit. We can gather the positive. Kurbas has a future once more in the Ukraine. He can help us find our place. Tkacz feels that Kurbass ideas can also help to reinvigorate theatre in the United States: The American theatre professional now often faces the decision of working in a theatre still based on 19th-century concepts of linear time and space, or a theatre that proclaims the inscrutability of its beautiful private images and its complete tyranny over actors, she contends. Kurbas dreamed of a theatre driven by a theory of performance, a theatre of experiment that would explore the nature of gestures and images. Today Kurbas and Berezil seem more like a vision for the future than one from the past. WITH JUST SUCH A VISION in mind, Tkacz created Blind Sight, based on the true story of the life of a blind Ukranian poet named Vasyl Yeroshenko, who traveled to Tokyo in 1914 and, writing in Japanese, became a noted author there. Blind Sight, La Mamas entry in the first Berezil Festival last spring, examined communication across barriers of language and nationality as a sightless artist sees cultures throughout Asia. When Yeroshenko returned to the Soviet Union in the 1920s, he also became one of Stalins victims, and like Kurbas was arrested and spent many years in labor camps. When he finally returned to his home village to die in 1952, the Soviet authorities burned his manuscripts. With an international cast that included local Ukranian actors, the production excited sold-out audiences in Kharkiv and Kiev, before returning to La Mama for its American premiere on April 15. Prior to the trip home, Ellen Stewart stooped before a monument commemorating Les Kurbas in a cemetery on the grim industrial outskirts of Kharkiv, rearranging flowers scattered by a strong wind. Stewart, who had been recently hospitalized, made the long and difficult trip to the Berezil festival because she believes in Kurbass vision. In addition, her ties to the Ukranian community in New York stretch back decades from the time in the early 60s when a Ukranian on East 9th Street was the only landlord who dared rent a theatre space to a black woman. Stewart sees the restoration of Kurbass pioneering work as a refusal to give in to despair. These people are the path of hope, she says simply.

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Statement Of Purpose Essays

Statement Of Purpose Essays Statement Of Purpose Essay Statement Of Purpose Essay STATEMENT OF PURPOSE It is after a good deal of self-evaluation that I have decided to pursue graduate studies in computer science. This decision followed after carefully appraising my academic performance, my areas of interest, my ultimate ambition, which is to pursue a research career. The urge to obtain an in-depth understanding and specialized knowledge in my areas of interest, has made me apply for an MS program. My bachelors program in Information technology discipline at N. I. S. T(Nimra Institute of Science and Technology), one of the premier engineering colleges affiliated to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University O. N. T. U. ) Hyderabad has given me a substantial knowledge of the basic areas of computer science and electronics. I have striven to develop a clear understanding of the basic concepts and acquire an insight into the Computer Science.. I have been greatly motivated towards Graduate studies during my undergraduate study. The curriculum at SRTIST exposed me to the broad areas of computer science and gave me plenty of opportunities to develop my interest in a particular area. The basic undergraduate courses like Data Structures, Computer Architecture, Advanced Computer Architecture and Operating Systems have given me a sound foundation in the Computer Science domain. The advanced electives like Computer Networks, Computer graphics, Data Base Systems and Discrete Mathematics and Graph Theory have exposed me to some key research problems in Computer science. My research interest lies mainly in Computer Networks . This area of specialization requires excellent computer lab facilities and highly qualified, research oriented faculty and as your Grad school is much more heavily biased. I should consider myself as privileged if I get admission into your prestigious Over the years the festival has managed to build a rock solid reputation as the only DU Festival which embraces and incorporates the corporate aspect seamlessly with fun and frolic that is usually associated with such events. If selected I assure you that I will work to my utmost potential to make our college’s annual fest Crescendo 2011 a successful event. I will work with total dedication and commitment to ensure that the event is even more successful than the previous editions.

Unit VII Assessment MC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit VII Assessment MC - Essay Example The maintenance supervisor assigned all of them to clean the morgue and the basement. These employees were not allowed to work on any other floors or come into contact with patients. (8) Omar Khaleel applied for a job as a bus driver with the Overland Omnibus Corporation. His employer was worried that it might be dangerous to allow someone of Middle Eastern descent to drive a large bus, loaded with 160 gallons of fuel, into the heart of the downtown areas in the cities served by the company. Therefore, he asked Omar to submit a more stringent background check than was used for other bus drivers. Eight months later, the background check was completed and Omar was hired as a driver. (9) Margaret comes to work in clothes highly reflective of the national origin of her ancestors, and which also happen to violate the dress code of the White City Dairy. She is told to return home, and change into clothing that comports with the dress code. (10) Virtually all of the non-U.S. citizens in the labor pool available to an employer are of Mexican descent, many of whom are legal aliens having the right to work in the U.S. The employer implements a policy against hiring any non-U.S. citizens. This

Marketing Management Apple iphone V RIM Blackberry Essay

Marketing Management Apple iphone V RIM Blackberry - Essay Example This means that the marketing activities in the firm must be fully coordinated and well managed and the chief marketing executive must be awarded an important role in company planning. As these moves occur marketing management begins to develop. Marketing management is the marketing concept in action or an orientation of management in the scientific and systematic marketing. A significant characteristic of marketing is its peculiar and sometimes unique requirements. Marketing as a concept .and function is unique in that it faces out from a business. Its purpose is to take things to the market and bring information and ideas back from the market. Because of the dynamics of any market marketing activities and ideas are continuously changing and revising. Marketing for enterprise today will be different to yesterdays marketing and will change to something different again in the future. Because of this dynamic marketing and marketers must constantly seek and gather information. Most ente rprises have established information flows whereby statistics on sales and fluctuations in these will be continuously monitored. However such statically information flows are not enough and marketers gather information and market intelligence intuitively and continuously as an everyday occurrence in doing business. This in turn contributes to and sometimes shapes the constant marketing flux. As the value of marketing to business grows and as new concepts and applications of marketing emerge and evolve so to does the need for up to date market intelligence. Thus marketers need for deep and detailed qualitative research becomes more crucial and its importance lies in the need to understand phenomena and to gain meaningful insights into circumstances and changes. Market-led strategic model is adopting to provide more value to the customers. The new marketing frame work is designed to help to cope with the demand of the new customer. It is customer-oriented approach, as there are new tr ends and realities; mere traditional approach to the marketing is not at all successful in all cases. So a new approach is adopted which is the market-led strategic change. It is all about the concentrating on the demand or value of the customers while adopting strategic change in marketing. In this study some important factors is provided to transform the process of going to market. Business model is important for implementing innovation properly. Business models convert new technology to economic value. Business model serves to link technical input to economic out put. Value proposition is one of the components of business model. Value proposition is a description of the customer problem, the product that addresses the problem and the value of the product from the customer's perspective. Other components of business model involve market segment, value chain structure, revenue generation and margins, position in value network and competitive strategy. With the increase of competition and challenges, mere concentration of advertising, branding, new product launches is not enough to stand up in the market. The drivers of the new marketing is Value strategy, market strategy, internet strategy, process strategy and change strategy. Value strategy is a coherent and customer oriented and gives superior value to each of the customers in terms of matters affecting to the customers Market strategy is a clear and strategic pathway to market which clarify value proposition and identify the way in the process of go

Illegal Imigrants in United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Illegal Imigrants in United States - Essay Example One school of thought agrees that the immigrants should not be granted the same benefits as the legal citizens, and thus, be deported. Another school of thought agrees that granting a legal status to the immigrants will be beneficial for both, the country and the immigrants themselves. Deporting a population of 11 million people is virtually impossible. Giving the illegal immigrants a legal status within the country has its benefits which will in turn help the economy of USA. The literacy rate in USA is high, with only 8% adults who have not completed high school. However, there are numerous industries and sectors within the country which require low-skilled and less educated labour force. These industries include construction, agriculture, food processing and maintenance. Most of the illegal immigrants are Hispanics with low level of schooling. This coupled with their illegal status forces them to work such low end jobs. Had these immigrants been deported or eliminated, the labour i ntensive sectors of the country would have suffered greatly. The effect of the decrease in productivity of these industries would have reflected in the GDP of the country. This situation is a complex one as the country fights for human rights, with many human rights activists operating within USA. At times, the illegal immigrants do not have the basic employee rights. However, if they are deported not only would they lose their jobs, but the output of these labour intensive sectors will also suffer (Hanson, 5). The wages for low skilled labour fluctuates along with the seasonal fluctuations in production and the business cycle. When the demands for goods and services increase, manufacturers require more low skilled labour and thus, pay higher per hour wage as compared to times of low demand. Since the number of green cards granted each year is fixed irrespective of the economic expansions and downturns, when producers need more labour, they have no option present, but the illegal im migrants. Eliminating illegal immigrants completely will create a labour shortage in times of economic booms and the manufacturing industry, along with many others, will not be able to take full advantage of this economic boom (Hanson, 7). One of the main reason why the government and US citizens in general are in favour of deporting the illegal immigrants, is the belief that these immigrants are encroaching within the county claiming resources which should rightfully be of the US citizens’, and overall having a detrimental effect on the economy of the country. The influx of illegal immigrants has led to an increase in the supply of low skilled labour. This has consequently put a pressure on the wages in the country. Wages for the low skilled labour have fallen, enabling the employers and business owners to generate more income and profits. The availability of low skilled labour on reduced wages has reduced the labour costs companies have to bear and made businesses more prod uctive. Since the income of the business owners have increased, they can reinvest more money in their businesses and use their resources more efficiently. This results in a net gain in the national income, known as the immigration surplus. On the whole, arrival of illegal immigrants has been the reason for an increase in the total economic output. However a portion of this additional wealth generated is

Impact of Globalisation on India

Impact of Globalisation on India The world is more interdependent now than ever before. Since 1980s, the popular notion of globalization has been increased with the termination of cold war and the split up of the former Soviet Union. The term globalization refers to the process of interaction and integration across society and economies. The phenomenon covers the changes in economic, social and political domain as well as the mode of communication, transportation, technology and flow of ideas across borders. The intensity of these flows has changed the trends of globalization. The rapid transformations of information have given a new lease of life so not a single country can live in isolation; there is a need of interaction. As the multinational companies manufacture products in some countries but sell it across the world. Globalization is not only removing barriers among economies but also the culture and social life is being affected by it. The establishment of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), International Monetary Fund and the initiative of free trade has heightened up globalization. Globalization has brought new prospects to developing world. It has given great power to developed markets to enter in the developing countries by transferring their machinery with the assurance of better output and higher living standard. However, it does have brought up difficulties as well such as, increase in inequality between socio-economic classes, environmental degradation and instability in financial market. In the nineties, the restriction on the trade and investment was removed and this removal of barrier accelerated the rapidity of globalization in India. In the early 1990s, India unlocked its economy to the world because of the foreign exchange crisis that led to defaults on loans of the economy. There was a sudden policy change in India with the notion of new economic model known as Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India (LPG). In the early nineties, the key measures instigated as a part of the policy like, the abandoning of licensing of industries, the reduction in the areas of public sector, amendment in the monopolies and the controlled trade systems function, initiate privatisation programme, lessening tariff charges and the most important was to switch to the market determined exchange rates. This change in the policy had dramatic effects on the expansion of the Indian economy. This all changes were actually the announcement of the fusion of Indian economy into the global economy. Over the years with the policy change, more and more sectors begin foreign direct investment and portfolio investments and attracte d foreign investors in telecom, airports, insurance, roads, ports, airports, transportation and much more. Moreover, the supporters of globalization claim globalization as the engine of growth and technological advancements as Indias big and highly skilled technological and IT work-force catch the attention of many multinational companies to India because India has very low salaries for technical educated staff comparative to other countries. Therefore, it gives them freedom to manufacture goods and services at cheaper rate. Furthermore, with the help of easy ways of communication, globalization makes it possible to serve clients and businesses from India. Therefore, this will led businesses to build their offices in India as part of their global production and thereby create career opportunities for people in India that is preventing emigration. In addition to that, India has a very good reputation globally regarding technology that makes them attractive as a technology centre for businesses from other countries. This creates more jobs in India. On the contrary, globalization can change the above positive impacts into negative one as technical advantage which India has maybe copied by some other countries and can replace Indias position in the international market. As it can be very easy to copy and carried from many places. Additionally, this innovative technology may call for loads of money and investment, which India may not manage to pay for. Globalisation has strengthened interdependence and challenges between economies in the world market. As in 1990s when India opened its gate for international trade by lowering its tariff rate, many Indian corporations have started befitting as reputable participants in the international market. In the fiscal year of 2004-2005, Indias imports rested at US$ 107 billion with the increase of 35.62% as compared to the previous fiscal year which was about US$79 billion whereas, export also increased by 24% from US$ 63 billion to US$ 79 billion in the same year. Thus, policy reforms of 1991 were positive for Indian economy and helping the economy to spread at faster rate. As compare to chinas 33 firms, Indias 100 wealthy companies out of 500 are present. Environmental Globalism is the long distance carrying of supplies such as genetic materials or pathogens in the atmosphere or in oceans that harm human health and well-being. Moreover, the share of dirty industries in total FDI is 51 % from the year of 1991 to 2000 as the largest inflow is in these dirty industries in India. Organizations observing climate change and looking at the safety of animals and sea life are undeniably one of the positive effects of globalization on the environment. This will further help in the maintenance and protection of the environment in India to reduce or stop additional devastation of the environment. Advances in technology can help to benefit the environment, as new equipment would be created in order to maintain the balance of our eco-system and preserve our environment. In the Indian context where there is a rapid change in the transaction, the effects of globalization on environment and sustainability of the development needs to be seriously address. apart from of the prospective of globalization, the economic connections within country determined for raise in disparity results in amplified environmental bearings such as pollution, climate change, protection of ozone layer, bio diversity and desertification. Environmental pollution is one of the most serious issues faced by the Indian Urban areas. With the growing number of vehicles on roads and industrialization, contribute to environmental pollution in India. Variations in environment may be motivated by many other features of a country including economic growth, population growth, urbanization, strengthening of agriculture, rising energy use and transportation. Agriculture also plays an important role in the economy of India. As it is use as one of the main source of income. Crops can be failing due to environmental degradation, which damage the fertile land and pure water, which in turn lead to economic failure. Since, agriculture is one of the important aspect of economical growth so if left unprotected would not only stop environmental growth but also destruct the eco system. As the agriculture sector is main source of income for the rural areas of India but less salary to these farmers, many of them are shifting to cities. In the Budget Speech, Finance Minister Chidambaram asserts that Mumbai is a world class financial centre which is having 13 million populations in which 54% of them are in slums and it is estimated that 100 to 300 new families come to Mumbai everyday and most land up in a slum areas. Mumbai is known as the slum capital of India and Asia. In short, it is the largest slum capital of the world. (Tanveer Malik). Indians are becoming exposed to new technologies and new ways of living. Due to globalization, communication is much easier as the amount of cell phone users has increased in India. According to UTV Techtree, until the year of 2014, 97% of Indians will have their own cell phones. This shows that even the villagers would have this advancement as well. It would be much easy for them to interact with their relatives in the cities. Internet users are also growing with the same pace as social networking websites such as, Face book, yahoo messenger etc has made almost finish communication gap. At the same time, where culture provides a healthy and peaceful environment for people to live in, as they share their cultural thoughts, ideas, with the globalization, cultural values has declined from the past. A completely new culture of consumerism and materialism, this is focusing on accumulation of wealth. People are more spending their time on computers on social networking websites or messaging on cell phone or playing video games or watch TV instead of utilizing their time in productive outdoor activities and interacting with real people. The food culture has also change from the past. With the invasion of western restaurants like pizza hut, Mc Donald and more, people are more inclined towards such junk food instead of Indian food, which is full of nutrition. Indian Literature is almost diminish as more and more people are interested in learning in English language and even schools prefer English language over their culture language so regional language books are less succes sful than any other English book. The concept of classical music has almost disappeared from India. There are not any students interested in learning classical instruments like table and sitar. Other than that, with globalization, teenagers are adopting western culture of drinking and some magazine and TV channel display such information, which is inappropriate for young readers. With the initiation of policy, the government has created many incentives for local investors. In the beginning of first five years, there was no tax for the power projects, businesses involved in export, infrastructure development and new industries. This led to further development of infrastructure, new businesses, rising living standard and additional employment opportunities of 29.74 million jobs were filled in 1994 to 1997. In general, the impact of globalization on employment is conflicting. As India is having the second largest world population, so to know the exact rate of unemployment is difficult. The large numbers of labour are pushed towards unorganized or unnamed group of workers so the surplus of supply give rise to disequilibrium situation or disproportions in the labor market. The large production firm may abuse the natural resources and use them inefficiently. And the domestic producer are being overpowered by MNCs who are already having competitive advantages over domestic industrialist in India, have more funds to invest. This will lead to further closure of local businesses. At the time of global recession in the year of 2007, India obtained greatly from the LPG model as its GDP increased to 9.7% in 2007-2008. India is enjoying fourth position in market capitalization in the world. However, yet the condition of agriculture has not enhanced after the globalization and are given less importance than other sectors contributing to economy. The share of agriculture in the GDP is only 17%. But considering the optimistic outcomes of globalization, India is capable of trouncing these obstacles and can advance more strongly on its way of development. The implications of globalization for an Indian economy are many. Globalisation has intensified the economic war between economies rather than the nuclear war. It is consequently apparent that a globalising economy, despite the fact that framing and estimating its policy cannot overlook the feasible activities, responses of policies and progress on the globe. and thats results in restraining the alternatives of polic y that are accessible to the government and that demand for loss of policy independence to some level, in decision-making at the national level. To conclude, it can be claimed that the advantages of economic reforms on the Indian economy would be attained, only if the negative impacts that mentioned above such as, unemployment, over growing population, closing down of local businesses and more would be diminished. Along with that, globalization and reformation the economic policies, efforts should be taken to understand the potential labour force and provide required security for work, income and life so that they would also benefit in that process on the one hand, and on the other, contribute towards the success of globalization.

The Government Denial of Agent Orange Claims Essay -- Vietnam Governme

The Government Reaction to Agent Orange Claims PREFACE United States involvement in Vietnam has been surrounded by controversy since the 1960s. Many felt that controversy would end with the withdrawal of US troops in the 1970s. The troops came home and were not welcomed with the fanfare that surrounded veterans of previous wars. Was the controversy surrounding Vietnam a â€Å"dead† issue now that the troops were home? The answer is no. The controversy continues to this very day. The issue of whether or not the US should have gotten involved with Vietnam is still undecided. The even larger issue, on the other hand, is that of exposure to Agent Orange. I have been interested in the controversy surrounding Agent Orange since I was in 10th grade. I knew nothing of the topic before that. In 1997, my uncle died of lung cancer. When he was first diagnosed with the disease, I had thought that it was because he owned a bar. I believed that the cause of his cancer was due to all the second- hand smoke he inhaled over the years (he had quit smoking in the 1970s, after 6 years of being addicted). However, I realized that this might not be the case when I overheard him talking to a doctor. My uncle wanted his disability benefits from the Army to go to his son while he was sick and after he died. So, I asked him about his and he started to tell me about Agent Orange. He was drafted in the Army and stationed in Vietnam from 1966 to 1967. His job was to deliver and clean the buckets that Agent Orange was stored in. He attributed his illness to his exposure to Agent Orange. The story of my uncle has motivated me to learn more on the topic of Agent Orange. However, because of the story of my uncle, I am bias in the way... ...mber 1993. New York State Temporary Commission on Dioxin Exposure, Dioxin Agent Orange: Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations. Albany: September 1983. Scheim, Rich, â€Å"VA to Take Vets’ Word on Agent Orange Exposure,† Courier- Express, November 3, 1981. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Veterans Affairs, Statement of John. F. Sommer, Jr., Director National Veterans Affairs and Rehabilitation Commission Before the Committee on Veterans Affairs, 14 July 1988. Veterans Administration, Worried About Agent Orange? Washington D.C., July 1, 1980 pamphlet. Vietnam Veterans of America, Agent Orange, â€Å"VVA Sues VA Over AO Comp. Rules†. Washington, D.C., December 1986. VVA Legal Services, â€Å"Agent Orange Settlement Upheld†, Agent Orange Claim forms, July 1983. Wolff, Leslie Patten, â€Å"Defoliant Manufactures Launch Counter-suit,† Buffalo Veteran, 1980.

How does Priestly present Shelia Birling? Essay

In the play â€Å"An Inspector Calls† by J.B.Priestly, Shelia Birling is presented as being honest, perceptive and open to Socialist ideas. Her presentation changes as the play progresses and she changes from naà ¯ve innocence to a more mature and pro-socialist woman with a deep understanding of her capitalistic society’s flaws. At the start of the play, Shelia is portrayed as being naà ¯ve and oblivious to the struggles of the working class, but she shows remorse when her own guilt is exposed. The stage directions tell us that she is â€Å"very pleased with life† and is young, attractive and has just become engaged. However, she does not know about the struggles of the working class and soon expresses horror at her father’s treatment of Eva Smith. Although she has probably never before considered the impact of her decisions on the working class, she shows compassion immediately she hears of Eva Smith’s death. She first exclaims â€Å"How horrible!† and proceeds to tell her father â€Å"But these girls aren’t cheap labour – they’re people.† However, when the Inspector reveals Shelia’s role in causing the chain of events that lead to Eva Smith’s suicide, Shelia is horrified by her own part in Eva’s story and is moved to tears. She feels full of guilt for her jealous actions and blames herself as â€Å"really responsible.† Shelia acknowledges her blame and admits to her jealousy actions, marking her as more progressive and open-minded than the older generation consisting of her parents. Shelia is starting to change and becomes increasingly sympathetic and pro-socialist as the play progresses. As the Play continues, Sheila is presented as being increasingly perceptive and we can see this when after her interrogation, she changes and in a sense begins to adopt the Inspector’s character. When the Inspector starts questioning Gerald and Mrs Birling, Shelia not only insists on watching, but also helps the Inspector by filling in minor details and asking questions of her own. We can see this shortly before Gerald’s questioning, Shelia tells the Inspector â€Å"I don’t understand about you† then â€Å"she stares at him [The Inspector] wonderingly and dubiously† and when Mrs Birling enters â€Å"briskly and self-confidently, quite out of touch with the little scene†¦ Shelia feels this at once. † Shelia is also the first one to realise the Inspector’s semi- omniscience, saying that â€Å"No, he’s giving us the rope – so that we’ll hang ourselves.† Shelia insists that Mrs Birling must not â€Å"build a wall between us and the girl† as â€Å"the Inspector will just break it down,† The effect of these stage directions and dialogue, is to emphasise how Shelia is becoming increasingly perceptive and begins to see through her family’s translucency. We can tell that Shelia is becoming increasingly perceptive and can see how the entire family is involved in this scandal. – Sheila acknowledges the Inspector’s. Realises everyone is to blame, and by not accepting the blame they are digging their own graves. Superior to her family in the sense that the knowledge has hit her; she knows that her family have done wrong. You not only knew her but you knew her very well.† – Perceptive; Knows that everyone is to blame; becomes perceptive. already aware of her actions and how they are wrong. She is willing to change her views but there is a sense of holding back throughout the play, like how she feels the need to share the blame. This is her internal conflict between the views she has been brought up with and the views she knows are right. Priestley uses Sheila to show how the younger generation can change views & realise their mistakes. Shelia’s transformation from an immature girl to an emphatic and mature woman during the course of the play is used as evidence that the younger generation can stop and prevent tragedies such as Eva Smith’s death from happening. Priestly uses Shelia to show that people can change from their capitalistic and materialistic society. ways to a more Socialist and equal society. He does this by showing all the disadvantages of following the capitalist ways by using Sheila as an example and by this, it makes the audience realise the way they are living has a serious effect on the working class (the death of eva smith) and that they should change their ways (like Sheila did) and they will have more sense of morality in their conscience. She admits her guilt, saying that â€Å"It was my own fault† and â€Å"I’ll never, never do anything †

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn- essays

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn- essays "I says to myself, I reckon a body that ups and tells the truth when he is in a tight place is taking considerable many resks, though I ain't had no experience and I can't say for certain;but it looks so to me, anyway..." spoken by the young protagonist Huckleberry Finn in the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. He's dishonest but at least he's honest about it. This is an example of dramatic irony found throughout the novel. The novel follows the adventures of a young boy Huck and a run away slave named Jim as they take a flight down the Mississippi River. Along the way they have many adventures that include the boarding of a nearly sunken steam boat of the Walter Scott, the bitter mockery of Mark Twain towards the authors of romantic novels. Thay also have adventures on land, which to name a few includes a feud among families, mobs, and even the circus. Throughout the novel, Mark Twain pokes fun at religion, wealth, royalty, death, and the ignorance of people usi ng satirical language and dramatic irony. Along the route Huck and Jim are separated from one another. Huck comes upon the house of the Grangerfords, a wealthy family that takes him in after they find that he does not belong to the Shepherdson family. Buck, who befriends Huck on his visit, tells of the Grangerford Shephardson feud. Buck explains the Grangerfords and Shepherdsons have been feuding so long "they don't know now what the row was in the first place." The introduction of the two families gives Twain the oppurtunity to burlesque the "Southern Code of Chivalry." The Grangerfords house shows a tasteless display of wealth. Huck's appreciation of the decorations just adds to the humor of the novel. Mark Twain also uses these families to emphasize the satire of religion."Next Sunday we all went to church...the man took thier guns along , so did Buck, and kept them between their kneesor stood them handy against the wall, the Shepherd...

War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen Essays

War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen Essays War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen Essay War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen Essay Essay Topic: Carol ann Duffy Poems Literature Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Today Im going to focus mainly on two poems, War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy and Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen respectively. Both of them are war poems but are written from different perspectives. War Photographer is from the point of view of a war photographer and Dulce et decorum est is written from the view of a soldier. We can observe the contrast between different roles performed by different people in war. The soldiers are the one doing all the fighting in the frontline, which seems that it will never end, and is highlighted by the phrase and towards our distant rest began to trudge. Distant rest can symbolize death, as the soldiers can only rest and achieve peace through death, having a meaning that the soldiers have to fight on until the moment they die. As for the tasks of the photographer, he has to snap shots on the battlefield, capturing the sufferings of both the soldiers and the public. Though the speaker did not directly portray the war photographer filming the sufferers in war but she did hinted so by the line with spools of suffering set out in ordered rows. Referring to the films which show real faces of war victims. And also this line solutions slop in trays between his hands which did not tremble then indicating that the war photographer has frequently experienced war that he is so familiar and professional with his job. Then the war photographer would leave for a safer place, like rural England, carrying the image of their suffering while the sufferers lingered behind on the edge of death. This is shown by the image of safety in the aeroplane looking down on the conflict and bloodshed. Eventually, the war photographer had to organize the photo whish his editor will pick five or six for Sundays supplement. War causes serious consequence not only on those who experienced or witnessed war but also their families and friends. The cries of a mans wife indicates the intensity of suffering both emotional and physical embraced by people involved in the war. It also (indicates) that suffering is not only inflicted on the individual but his family as well. With eyes rhyming with cries, it heightens our sympathy towards the victims in war as it appeals to both the readers sense of hearing and seeing. From Dulce et Decorum est, no doubt the soldiers suffer from war. They are painted by simile as old beggers, hangs or a man in fire or lime. It creates an images of men trapped in war like animals in a cage struggling to be released and some are guttering, choking, drowning. The repetition of the application of ing here, conveys the continuos movement of struggling and reveals the long period of sufferings. These descriptions are ironic because to the public, war is something to be proud of, it is something worth dying for and brings great dignity. But the reality is war is not what it seems to the public, propaganda has made something so horrific into something dignified In all my dreams before my helpless sight, conveys the suffering went through by the sacrificed soldiers have long-term effect on those who survive. The images of suffering and the horrific experience witnessed in war appears frequently in their dreams and its just uncontrollable and inevitable. The run-on-lines in this poem also shows that suffering is continous and non-stop. All these vivid aspects of exhausted soldiers and the true horrendous aspects of war have the intention to unmask the reality of war and let us feel the sense of disgust and frustration felt by all the soldiers. As we flipped through the newspaper, does anyone one of you totally trust what the newspaper reports? No one, right? Congratulation, u are all witty people. Just take a look at this apple daily newspaper. Obviously, the primary objectives of the publisher are not to provide accurate articles, its aim is definitely to attract more readers and maximize profit. If you guys read Chinese newspaper, which I assume most of you dont, you should know that Apple Daily is known for its super large and usually a bit exaggerated title when compared with other newspaper, like South China Morning Post. Its strategy is to make the title more shocking or fascinating, which usually convert some of the real detail of the news. In War Photographer, a hundred agonies in black and white, a hundred agonies show real emotion and unsimplicity but black and white is simplistic and the censored version and is what the readers see. Just like the Apple Daily newspaper, the pictures will be reduced to one illustration in the Sunday papers, removing the real agony of the photographs subject.

Business tratments between Isreal and some Arabic countries Research Paper

Business tratments between Isreal and some Arabic countries - Research Paper Example For instance, in the cases of oil exchange between two or more nations, the international trade agreements are mostly set by governments. This sort of trade agreements are considered to be of prime benefits for incumbent nations. These international business treaties also contribute to the international openness factor along with playing a significant role of economic growth variables. For instance, oil trade agreements between Israel and Kuwait or Saudi Arabia or Qatar among other nations can ensure greater benefits in the long run. At the same time, apart from merely oil treaties, multiple import and export businesses also occur between these nations which include exchange of food products, beverages, electronics and heavy machinery among others. The prime focus of this discussion will be regarding the evaluation of various legal aspects related with international trade between two nations. Moreover, this discussion will be taking into consideration three crucial factors namely the international oil agreements, import and export of goods and shared investments and the specific legal aspects associated with these. For this part of the discussion, the instance of Egypt as one of the Arab nations has been highlighted. Multiple reports describe that Egypt has been counted as one of the business partners successfully carrying out business with Israel. The trade relationship between these two nations started with the signing of the peace treaty. This peace treaty can be considered as the first legal agreement meant for bringing these two nations into peaceful business conduct (American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, 2014). Apart from Egypt, other Arab nations such as Algeria, Iraq, Somalia, and Syria cannot be accounted in terms of carrying out any sort of trade relationship with Israel since there seems to be multiple instabilities regarding the relationship between Israel and the Arab nations. The evidence of such

Summery of the studies been done by 3 researchers (B.K. CAMPBELL, Outline

Summery of the studies been done by 3 researchers (B.K. CAMPBELL, HELEN PICTON and MC NEILY) on folliculogenesis in Female ewes - Outline Example Concentration of FSH decreased during follicular growth, while that of LH surged. FSH concentration increased on day 1 and a second batch of follicles with 5 mm diameter emerged. The researchers concluded that preovulatory follicles emerge from large follicle population supported by FSH generation. Building up on this research, Campbell and Baird (1998) examined the antral of follicle development of genetic variation in ovulation rates for different sheep breeds. Two strategies have evolved to help achieve high fertility, the Finnish Landrace and the Fec gene, and these suppress FSH. The research indicated an unidentified gene mutation that brings this effect. An interesting research by Campbell (et al. 2000) helped to develop cortical autograft procedures to restore fertility in aged sheep. The results indicate the FSH helps to modulate folliculogenesis, and it can be used for early follicle and oocyte development. Campbell and Baird (2001) undertook a research to evaluate the local actions, the origin and control of inhibin A in sheep. The research concluded that inhibin A acts as an FSH-responsive marker of granulosa cell differentiation, and that it performs paracrine and autocrine activities. In the same years, Campbell (et al. 2001) examined the role of Booroola gene, an autosomal mutation that influences the ovulation rate, and discovered that it leads to the growth of antral follicles that increases the ovulation rate in sheep. Campbell (et al. 2003) undertook further research on the FecB Booroola gene that acts at the ovary of sheep, and enhances the sensitivity of the ovaries to stimulation. Examining the FecB (Booroola) gene, Campbell (et al. 2009) presented a paper on the mechanism of action of the FecB mutation at a conference in Pune, India. In another research, Campbell (et al. 2007) examined the use of LH on growth of large preovulatory follicles and hormone secretion in Ewes. T he study indicated that LH is required

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Paraphrasing - Essay Example Moreover, this lab experiment made it possible to design and create center-tapped transformer and full-wave bridge rectifier circuit and examine their waveforms as well as give explanation for them. It was not easy to realize how to get the waveform of the second circuit, however the task was implemented. In general, this lab experience was done effectively for both circuit designs. This lab experiment goal was achieved, and it became possible to determine the maximum safe operation current for the zener diode. It also became possible to find out how to chose the source voltage and the resistances for the zener circuit. Additionally, it became easier to get to know and examine how the zener diode is working. In general, this lab experience was done effectively for both circuit designs. This lab experiment goal was achieved, and it became possible to determine the maximum safe operation current for the zener diode. It also became possible to find out how to chose the source voltage and the resistances for the zener circuit. Additionally, it became easier to get to know and examine how the zener diode is working. In general, this lab experience was done effectively for both circuit designs. This lab experiment goal was achieved, and it became possible to determine the needed results of the three parts of this experiment. Also it has to observe the behavior of the circuit when there are set and changeable voltage regulators. Overall, this lab experience was done effectively for this lab circuit design. 2. NPN: The meter reading is high when placing the negative lead to the base terminal and the positive lead to either of other two terminals. Also, in the NPN transistor, by placing the positive lead to the base terminal and the negative lead to either of the other two terminals. PNP: The meter reading is low when we put the negative lead to the base terminal and the positive lead to either of other two terminals. Also, in the PNP transistor, by placing the

Administrative Theory Essay Example for Free

Administrative Theory Essay The issue about the ability of public servants to serve the best interest of the public through a solid public governance and administration system has always been an important point in related debates and discussions. In this paper, the focus will be on the role of the Administrative Theory, its related perspectives and paradigm, and how disaster response actions act as a mirror reflecting the state of public service, and the significance (or lack of) of the Administrative Theory in today’s world. Disasters, some say, bring out the best in everyone. If this was true, then the worst disasters can be used to gauge public service and the ability and competence of public servants as well as the use and significance of dogmas, structures, policies, beliefs and design of pubic administration in the modern day life. An example of one of the deadliest modern day natural disaster is Hurricane Katrina. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay â€Å"Hurricane Katrina may be the largest natural disaster in dollar terms in U. S. history, with damage exceeding $50 billion (Birkland, 2006, p. 105). † Hurricane Katrina, for its ferocity, strength, and extent of damage is a good case study in the assessment of public service doctrine use and compatibility, as well as the competence and ability of the people working under these public service perspectives to cope and cooperate successfully under a pre-defined dogma. Ideally, the Administrative Theory was designed so that a particular process and protocol is established so that actions of different individuals, serving to be able to accomplish one purpose, are constructive and contributing towards the achievement of a particular goal, in essence making the theory the catalyst of the start of a process that can provide assistance. The Administrative Theory, as an idea, is always expected to influence constructive and positive output from any endeavor (i. e. response to a natural disaster). But in application, the use of the existing paradigm for Administrative Theory is not always assisting the efforts during a natural disaster. Sometimes it also hinders the effective delegation of assistance and response by individuals and agencies during a natural disaster because it is incomplete and not fully suitable for the present design of local and federal governance as it is applied in the United States. The best example to use as a case study to determine Administrative Theory’s characteristic as being unsuitable and incomplete when used in the current system of governance in the United States is the administration problems that happened during the Hurricane Katrina disaster response and management. Following the idea of the Administrative Theory, members of the agencies responsible for responding to the victims of Hurricane Katrina should have effortlessly handled the situation considering that everyone has a task to fulfil. What the Administrative Theory failed to discuss and include in its parameters is the complexity brought about by inter-agency operation present during the Hurricane Katrina disaster management action and similar incidents. Because of the rigors of the Administrative Theory and the limitations that are found in the theory’s nature and essence, how the people acted and reacted with each other during the disaster response was far from being smooth and flawless. In the assessment of the Hurricane Katrina public administration efforts for disaster response and assistance, observers can see that in employing the ideas found in the Administrative Theory (as well as with consideration to other factors too), the situation became more problematic and complicated. â€Å"Then Hurricane Katrina slammed into the coasts of Louisiana and Mississippi, virtually destroying New Orleans and many smaller communities along the Gulf Coast. Although arguments continued long afterward about the adequacy of federal, state , and local emergency response, in the minds of many Americans government had failed its most basic responsibility: to help its citizens in a time of dire need and to protect them from further harm (Stivers, 2008, p. 73). † Because of this, it can be considered that the Administrative Theory can be considered as a source of hindrance and not a source of assistance in the effective action during natural disaster response, assistance and management. What are the issues? There is just one important issue that is connected with the assessment of the impact of the Administrative Theory and the disaster management during Hurricane Katrina. This is the assessment of the administrative aspect of the local and federal government, and why many individuals believe that in general such efforts failed. The Hurricane Katrina and how the government (local and federal) responded, cooperated and interacted during the disaster management efforts provided a classic case wherein administrative theories and its use or absence is seen and reflected. The issue focuses on the fact that despite the country’s capability – material and theoretical – to respond well and effectively during disasters like Hurricane Katrina. The effort was considered as a failure, owed largely to the role of the existing public administration approach. The presence of Administrative Theory aspects, in this case, and how this particular disaster management effort brings to light what is lacking in the current public administration theories and models. The realization, all in all, is that the ensuing complexity of local and federal governance makes elusive the perfect formula for effective public administration and governance in different levels, including disaster response and management. â€Å"People who study and practice administration often take the view, perhaps only half-consciously, that if only the right formula for organizing work and assigning responsibility can be found, things will fall into place and everything will run smoothly or, at least, more so than before. Many of the post-Katrina criticisms levelled at governments have centered on failure to coordinate rescue efforts. These charges reflect the continuing belief in the power of the right system. Certainly they mark the belief that there is a right system (Stivers, 2008, p. 73). † Who are the actors? In the assessment of the Hurricane Katrina and the assessment of the Administrative Theory perspective in the effort to provide disaster response, assistance and management in the location of the disaster, it is important to identify the actors (individuals and agencies) who took part in the effort who may or may not be responsible not only for what measure of success there is in the endeavor but also in the failure of the parameters and perspective of the Administrative Theory in this particular scenario. The Administrative Theory talks about roles and responsibilities, but it did not explain how complexities of these things should be addressed during interagency response to natural disasters, something that happened during Hurricane Katrina. â€Å"Interagency relationships lead to well documented problems associated with unclear authority and responsibility. The House committee examining the government response to Hurricane Katrina blames all levels of government, from the White House, to Governor Kathleen Blanco of Louisiana, to Mayor Ray Nagins of New Orleans, for the delayed response to the storm (Callahan, 2006, p. 139). † This is just a ballpark assessment of the list of characters involved who also contributed to the failure of the disaster rescue and assistance action, despite administrative practices and because of the incompetence of such measures in handling real life scenario. Other participants are identified by the National Response Plan (NRP) program of the government, which identifies the federal as well as non federal agencies and organizations which should be involved in the time of disaster management (Hogan, Burnstein, 2007, p. 151). But NRP in itself was considered by some as problematic. â€Å"As Hurricane Katrina plowed ashore, this cumbersome and contradictory schematic of national disaster response was about to be put to a stern test (Cooper, Block, 2007, p. 130). † There are also some other actors who are involved in this interagency action and it included government entities (military, paramedic, search and rescue units, office of the mayor and governor, etc) as well as private (NGOs and private citizens). What leads the various actors to make the choices or take the positions that they do? There are several reasons that could answer the question about the motivation of the actors to act or decide as they did at the height of the Hurricane Katrina. This may include accountability, responsibility, initiative, instinct or even the sense of direction coming from an existing protocol and systematic approach to problems such as this. How each actor weighs each and any of these is another consideration. Some of these maybe personal forces (i. e. instinct, initiative, a sense of ethics and responsibility, personal clarity of mind and sense of direction during crisis, etc), while other possible motivation maybe organization forces. There are also other reasons, like the absence of a possible course of action that directs everyone involved inside a particular course of action for this eventuality. â€Å"The NRP offers no clear guidance on what distinguishes a run-of-the-mill disaster from a catastrophic event. But generally, catastrophic events imperil the national leadership, echo through the national economy and cause national disruptions (Cooper, Block, 2007, p. 130). † What are the organizational forces? Even if there were aspects of the Administrative Theory in use during the effort to provide assistance to the victims of Hurricane Katrina which can be categorized as organization forces, some of these aspects maybe considered useless as well because these forces (like the push and pull of the initiatives and information of the people working under the system) are not properly acted upon. Take for example, the characteristic of the Administrative Theory about the idea of chain of command and information sharing based on a ladder-type hierarchy. This aspect was in use, pre-Katrina, as well as during and after the Katrina crisis. But critics believe that it was a failure nonetheless because the response of the individuals to the information shared through the chain of command was not properly acted upon. Because of this, there were feelings of dismay and low moral, and some people integral in this chain of command, realizing the breakdown and futility of such design, resigned from their position. â€Å"Matthew Broderick, head of the DHS Operations Directorate and the HSOC, resigned effective March 31, 2006, following the House of Representatives report on Katrina, which singled him out for failing to inform high-level officials of Katrinas devastating impacts William Carwile, a veteran FCO who had been put in charge of the Katrina response for Mississippi and who had struggled to inform the administration that Katrinas impacts were truly catastrophic, resigned his post and left government service shortly after Katrina (Tierney, Bevc, 2007, p. 48). † What are the external forces? While external forces were hardly discussed as source of the failure of the operation to answer the devastation of Katrina immediately and in the long term, there may also be external forces at play in this situation. This may include the presence of political consideration of political leaders that could have affected and influenced the actions that they took during the disaster. Foreign aid and support, as well as foreign pressure, and the threats coming from the outside which may aggravate the situation inside Mississippi and New Orleans, may have also contributed to the turn out of the rescue and assistance efforts.

Study Of Solubility Equilibrium Biology Essay

Study Of Solubility Equilibrium Biology Essay The solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate in water and it dependence of temperature were investigated in this experiment. The solubility product constant was determined at different temperature through acid-base titration against NaOH. A linear graph was obtained by plotting ln Ksp against 1/T and positive correlation between temperatures and solubility product constant was observed. This study concluded that solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate is dependent only on temperature. Introduction The aim of this experiment is to investigate the solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate in water and it dependence on temperature. Solubility is often defined the amount of substance required in obtaining a saturated solution. Therefore, only a small amount of potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHC4H4O6) is needed to produce a saturated solution as it has limited solubility in water. In the saturated solution, the rate of the dissociation of the solid is the same as the rate of the aqueous ions forming the solid compound; the solution is known to be at equilibrium. The equilibrium equation for KHC4H4O6 in the solution can be written as: The constant for the equilibrium equation can be expressed as: Ksp = [K+] [HC4H4O6-]. This constant is also known as the solubility product constant (Ksp) which has a fixed value for a given system at constant temperature. Thus, by finding out the concentration of the ions dissolved, the solubility product constant for KHC4H4O6 can be determined. From the equation above, the dissociation of KHC4H4O6 will produce equal amount of potassium ions (K+) and hydrogen tartrate ions (HC4H4O6-). Thus, by obtaining the concentration of one of the ions, the concentration of the other ion can be derived and the solubility product constant can be calculated. As HC4H4O6- behaves like a weak acid, its concentration can be determined by acid-base titration using NaOH, a strong base as the titrant, with phenolphthalein as the indicator. As NaOH and HC4H4O6- react with each other in 1:1 ratio, the amount of NaOH used in the titration will be equal to the amount of HC4H4O6- present in the solution. While Ksp is fixed at a certain condition, changes in temperature will affect the value of Ksp. According to the vant hoff equation, the value of Ksp is related to the change in Gibbs free energy and can be expressed as: From the equation, the solubility product constant depends on three variables which are the change in enthalpy, the change in entropy and the temperature. The change in entropy and enthalpy with respect to temperature were stated to be insignificant due to the similar heat capacities of the product and reactants. This suggests a linear trend between the remaining variable and Ksp [1]. Therefore, a graph of natural logarithm of Ksp versus the reciprocal of temperature can be plot which the gradient of the graph can be used to calculate the enthalpy change and the y-intercept for the entropy change. Thus, the relationship between Ksp and temperature can be observed. Experimental Procedure Dried KHC8H4O4 (0.5002 g) was prepared in a 250 mL conical flask with the help of an analytical balance. Deionized water (25.0 mL) was added into the flask and a standard solution of KHC8H4O4 was obtained. The prepared solution was then titrated against an unknown concentration of NaOH to the endpoint, with phenolphthalein as the indicator. The volume of NaOH used was recorded. The entire procedure was then repeated with different masses KHC8H4O4 (0.5039 g, 0.5033 g). The concentration of the NaOH was calculated from the volume of NaOH used and tabulated in Table 1. A saturated KHC4H4O6 solution was prepared by adding one gram of KHC8H4O4 into a 250 mL conical flask, containing 100.0 mL of deionized water. The flask was swirled for five minutes and put to rest with occasional swirling for another five minutes at room temperature. At the end of ten minutes, the solution was then filtered and the supernatant was collected in a dry 250 mL conical flask. Concurrently, the temperature of the solution in the filter funnel was recorded. Two portions of 25.0 mL of the filtered solution were then pipetted into two separate 250 mL conical flasks. The two solutions were titrated against the 0.7070M NaOH solution to the endpoint, with phenolphthalein as the indicator. The volume of the NaOH used was recorded. The procedure was then repeated for different temperatures. For temperature above room temperature, a hot water bath was prepared in a one litre beaker on a hotplate stirrer. The saturated KHC4H4O6 solution was prepared in the same way but was placed in a hot water bath with constant stirring, using a stir bar. The solution was put aside with occasional monitoring until a constant temperature was observed. Next, the solution was decanted in small amount into a dry conical flask. The temperature of the solution in the filter funnel was recorded concurrently. Three portions of 25.0 mL of the filtered solution were then pipetted into three separate 250 mL conical flasks. For temperature below room temperature, an ice-water bath was prepared in a one litre beaker. The solution was also prepared in the same way as the previous procedure and was placed into the ice-water bath. The solution was cooled until the solution stabilized at a certain temperature. The solution was then filtered and the temperature of the solution in the filter funnel was recorded. Three portions of 25.0 mL of the filtered solution were then pipetted into three separate 250 mL conical flasks similar to the above room temperature setup. The six solutions were then placed aside for it to return to room temperature and then titrated against the standardized NaOH. The solutions were titrated the same way as the titration done at room temperature. The volume of NaOH used was recorded for the different solutions were recorded. The average volume of NaOH used for the same temperature was then calculated and tabulated in Table 2. Data Treatment and Analysis The calculations of [HC4H4O6-], [K+] and Ksp at 302.15K: [NaOH] = 7.070 x 10-2 mol L-1 Amount of NaOH used = (7.070 x 10-2 mol L-1) (1.2825 x 10-2 L) = 9.067 x 10-4 mol Amount of HC4H4O6- = Amount of NaOH used = 9.067 x 10-4 mol [HC4H4O6-] = [K+] = 9.067 x 10-4 / (0.0250 L) = 3.63 x 10-2 mol L-1 Ksp = [K+] [HC4H4O6-] = (3.63 x 10-2 mol L-1)2 = 1.32 x 10-3 The calculated value of [K+], [HC4H4O6-] and Ksp were tabulated into the table below: Table 2: Determination of Ksp of KHC4H4O6 at different temperature Temperature / K Average Vol. of NaOH used / L Amount of NaOH used / mol [HC4H4O6-] / mol L-1 [K+] / mol L-1 Kspof KHC4H4O6 285.15 7.4750 x 10-3 5.327 x 10-4 2.13 x 10-2 2.13 x 10-2 4.54 x 10-4 294.15 1.0075 x 10-2 7.180 x 10-4 2.87 x 10-2 2.87 x 10-2 8.25 x 10-4 302.15 1.2825 x 10-2 9.067 x 10-4 3.63 x 10-2 3.63 x 10-2 1.32 x 10-3 309.15 1.6375 x 10-2 1.158 x 10-3 4.63 x 10-2 4.63 x 10-2 2.14 x 10-3 320.15 2.2375 x 10-2 1.582 x 10-3 6.33 x 10-2 6.33 x 10-2 4.00 x 10-3 Based on the temperature and Ksp value obtained in Table 1, values of 1/T and ln Ksp were calculated and tabulated in Table 3. A graph was plotted based on the values: Figure 1: Graph of Ksp versus 1/T From Figure 1, the gradient and y-intercept was obtained as shown in Table 4. The enthalpy change and entropy change was calculated based on the vant hoff equation: Gradient = (/ R) = -5692.06 Standard deviation of gradient: Â ± 99.87 = (-5692.06 x 8.314) Â ± (99.87 x 8.314) = (47.32 Â ± 0.83) kJ K-1 mol-1 Y-intercept = (/ R) = 12.25 Â ± 0.33 Standard deviation of Y-intercept = Â ± 0.33 = (12.25 x 8.314) Â ± (0.33 x 8.314) = (101.85 Â ± 2.74) J K-1 mol-1 The standard error of regression was found to be 0.0295. (Number of measurements = 6, Degree of Freedom = 4) Results and Discussion From the data obtained, the calculated values of and were (47.3 Â ± 0.83) kJ K-1 mol-1 and (101.85 Â ± 2.74) J K-1 mol-1 respectively. Ksp of KHC4H4O6 was found to be 1.32 x 10-3 at 302.15K. It was observed that a linear graph was obtained upon plotting ln Ksp against the reciprocal of T. The increase in temperature was also found to correlate with the increase of Ksp values. The literature Ksp value for KHC4H4O6 is 3.8 x 10-4 at 291.15K. [2] The approximated Ksp value that corresponds to 291.15k based on experimental data was calculated to be 6.755 x 10-4 as shown in the Appendices. Linear Relationship between T and Ksp Based on figure 1, a linear model was observed between the reciprocal of T and the natural logarithm of Ksp. This was supported by the R-square value of 0.99 which greatly suggests a linear trend from the experimental data plotted. The standard error of regression obtained from the experiment was found to be 0.0295, which indicates a good fit among the experimental values obtained, corresponding to a good precision of the experimental data. Thus from the linear trend, the claim of insignificant changes of enthalpy and entropy due to temperature changes was valid. Therefore, the assumption that the value of Ksp is dependent only on temperature at which the dissolution occurs can be established. Comparison of Literature values The estimated Ksp value based on experimental data was 6.755 x 10-4 at 291.15K and was found to be 43.75% higher than the literature value (3.8 x 10-4) [2]. The difference could be accounted to the limitation of this experiment. As the experiment was carried out in different temperature, one of the limitations was due to the apparatus used. The volumetric glass pipette used was calibrated at 20 , thus at other temperature, expansion or contraction might occur leading to the inaccurate volume transferred for titration after the filtering process. Another source of error was noted to be the temperature fluctuation during the filtering process. Although the solution were decant in small portions to minimize errors, rapid increase of the temperature for the cold temperature reading was observed. This corresponds to the increase in the ions concentration dissolved in the solution, thus resulting in a higher value of Ksp. Despite the percentage difference of 43.75%, the difference between both values was actually small due to the fact that the Ksp of KHC4H4O6 is a very small value. When the uncertainty of the enthalpy change and entropy change was taken into account, the experimental Ksp value was assumed to be between 3.446 x 10-4 and 1.324 x 10-3(Refer to Appendices). The literature value was noted to be within this range, thus the experimental data do agree with the theoretical value of KHC4H4O6. Change of Enthalpy and Entropy The change of enthalpy from the reaction was found to be (47.3 Â ± 0.83) kJ K-1 mol-1. The positive enthalpy change means that the dissolution of KHC4H4O6 was an endothermic process where heat was absorbed during the process. This was expected as the dissolution breaks up the stronger ionic bonds within KHC4H4O6 and weaker bonds between the water molecules and the ions was formed. These resulted in a positive net change for enthalpy for the reaction, which is consistent with the positive enthalpy change derived from the experimental data. The change of entropy was found to be (101.85 Â ± 2.74) J K-1 mol-1. As entropy was often defined as a measure of disorder, the positive entropy can be explained with the increased disorder brought about when the when KHC4H4O6 dissolved into ions. As the value of enthalpy change was much larger than the entropy change, in order to get a larger value of ln K based on the vant hoff equation, higher temperature was required. This coincide with high temperature favors endothermic process such as dissolution of KHC4H4O6, thus it can be concluded that temperature have a positive correlation with Ksp. Conclusion Ksp have a linear relationship with temperature for KHC4H4O6. The temperature dependent of enthalpy change and entropy change was found to be insignificant for the dissolution of KHC4H4O6. As dissolution is an endothermic process, temperature has a positive correlation with Ksp, thus higher temperature allow more KHC4H4O6 to dissolve. This concluded that solubility product constant of potassium hydrogen tartrate is dependent only on temperature.